From: mk_thisisit
The standard general theory of relativity posits that when a black hole forms, the matter inside collapses to an infinitely dense point called a singularity [00:02:15]. However, infinite quantities cannot be physically measured and indicate that the theory is incomplete [00:02:40].
The Big Bounce Hypothesis
According to physicist Nikodem Popławski, matter does not collapse into a singularity. Instead, it collapses to a state of very high density, then stops, and begins to expand [00:03:13]. This event is known as the “Big Bounce” [00:17:09]. This expanding matter cannot return to its original place, nor can it stop moving due to the non-static nature of spacetime inside a black hole [00:03:32]. Thus, it has no choice but to expand into a new space, which is interpreted as a new expanding universe on the other side of the black hole’s event horizon [00:04:09].
This concept suggests that our universe was created inside a black hole that existed in a “parent universe” [00:16:30]. The expansion of the universe immediately after the Big Bounce resembles inflation, characterized by exponential expansion [00:17:21].
The Role of Torsion
A key component of this theory is the twisting of spacetime, a concept Popławski has studied extensively [00:25:53]. This “twisting of time,” or torsion, is an additional quantity of spacetime beyond its curvature [00:50:20]. It is derived from Einstein-Cartan theory, an older generalization of general relativity from 1921 [00:26:04].
Thanks to torsion, singularities do not exist [00:26:33]. Instead of collapsing to an infinite point, matter bounces non-singularly at extremely high densities, meaning there are no infinities [00:26:42]. This mechanism prevents the laws of physics from breaking down, ensuring that the new universe created inside a black hole has the same laws of physics and constants as the parent universe [00:26:50].
Torsion becomes very strong at densities close to a singularity or the Big Bang, acting as repulsive gravity and preventing the formation of a singularity [00:51:31].
Torsion and Inflation
Popławski’s research in 2016 (reiterated in 2021) shows that combining spacetime torsion with the Big Bounce and the quantum production of particle-antiparticle pairs at high densities naturally leads to an exponential expansion of the cosmos, thus explaining cosmic inflation [00:50:01]. Unlike other inflation theories that rely on hypothetical scalar fields and multiple parameters, Popławski’s model uses only one parameter and predicts an inflation that lasts for a short time and then ends naturally, as torsion’s effect becomes negligible at lower densities [00:53:54].
Implications for Universe Structure and Observation
If every black hole creates a new universe, then we exist on the other side of the event horizon of the black hole that created our universe [00:00:07]. This theory predicts a closed universe [00:11:39]. If astronomers were to discover that our cosmos is a closed universe, it would strongly support this theory [00:11:41].
Furthermore, if two black holes (each potentially harboring a universe) were to merge, the universes inside them would also merge [00:17:39]. This would cause an existing universe to suddenly lose its spherical symmetry and develop a “distinguished direction” [00:18:36]. Some observations of galaxy superclusters suggest such a distinguished direction, which, if confirmed, would support the idea of universes merging [00:18:56].
The theory also addresses the problem of antimatter, suggesting that processes shortly after the Big Bang resulted in a slight excess of matter over antimatter, leading to the annihilation of antimatter and the dominance of matter we observe today [00:13:00].
Connection to Other Theories
This concept is part of a larger multiverse hypothesis, where many universes exist due to black hole creation [00:21:46]. It differs from the “many-worlds interpretation” in quantum mechanics, as observers in this model exist in only one universe at a time [00:22:59].
The theory also stands in contrast to Stephen Hawking’s earlier ideas about black holes and universe creation, and differs from Lee Smolin’s Cosmological Natural Selection model, which assumes that singularities lead to new universes with potentially different laws of physics [00:23:55]. Popławski’s model, by removing singularities through torsion, ensures that the laws of physics and fundamental constants remain the same in the newly created universe [00:26:50].